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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..d04ce33
--- /dev/null
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0c01470
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new file mode 100644
index 0000000..87cbe35
--- /dev/null
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+            "provider": "xim:mcpp",
+            "rootTarget": "mcpp",
+            "rootVersion": "2026.9.3.2",
+            "version": "2026.9.3.2"
+          },
+          "bindingMembers": {
+            "mcpp": "2026.9.3.2"
+          },
+          "destinationName": "mcpp",
+          "kind": "program",
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/xim-x-mcpp/2026.9.3.2/bin",
+          "sourceName": "mcpp"
+        },
+        "2026.9.30.1": {
+          "bindingGroup": {
+            "group": "mcpp",
+            "provider": "xim:mcpp",
+            "rootTarget": "mcpp",
+            "rootVersion": "2026.9.30.1",
+            "version": "2026.9.30.1"
+          },
+          "bindingMembers": {
+            "mcpp": "2026.9.30.1"
+          },
+          "destinationName": "mcpp",
+          "kind": "program",
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/xim-x-mcpp/2026.9.30.1/bin",
+          "sourceName": "mcpp"
+        },
+        "2026.9.30.2": {
+          "bindingGroup": {
+            "group": "mcpp",
+            "provider": "xim:mcpp",
+            "rootTarget": "mcpp",
+            "rootVersion": "2026.9.30.2",
+            "version": "2026.9.30.2"
+          },
+          "bindingMembers": {
+            "mcpp": "2026.9.30.2"
+          },
+          "destinationName": "mcpp",
+          "kind": "program",
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/xim-x-mcpp/2026.9.30.2/bin",
+          "sourceName": "mcpp"
+        },
+        "2026.9.4.1": {
+          "bindingGroup": {
+            "group": "mcpp",
+            "provider": "xim:mcpp",
+            "rootTarget": "mcpp",
+            "rootVersion": "2026.9.4.1",
+            "version": "2026.9.4.1"
+          },
+          "bindingMembers": {
+            "mcpp": "2026.9.4.1"
+          },
+          "destinationName": "mcpp",
+          "kind": "program",
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/xim-x-mcpp/2026.9.4.1/bin",
+          "sourceName": "mcpp"
+        },
+        "2026.9.4.2": {
+          "bindingGroup": {
+            "group": "mcpp",
+            "provider": "xim:mcpp",
+            "rootTarget": "mcpp",
+            "rootVersion": "2026.9.4.2",
+            "version": "2026.9.4.2"
+          },
+          "bindingMembers": {
+            "mcpp": "2026.9.4.2"
+          },
+          "destinationName": "mcpp",
+          "kind": "program",
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/xim-x-mcpp/2026.9.4.2/bin",
+          "sourceName": "mcpp"
+        },
+        "2026.9.4.3": {
+          "bindingGroup": {
+            "group": "mcpp",
+            "provider": "xim:mcpp",
+            "rootTarget": "mcpp",
+            "rootVersion": "2026.9.4.3",
+            "version": "2026.9.4.3"
+          },
+          "bindingMembers": {
+            "mcpp": "2026.9.4.3"
+          },
+          "destinationName": "mcpp",
+          "kind": "program",
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/xim-x-mcpp/2026.9.4.3/bin",
+          "sourceName": "mcpp"
+        },
+        "2026.9.5.1": {
+          "bindingGroup": {
+            "group": "mcpp",
+            "provider": "xim:mcpp",
+            "rootTarget": "mcpp",
+            "rootVersion": "2026.9.5.1",
+            "version": "2026.9.5.1"
+          },
+          "bindingMembers": {
+            "mcpp": "2026.9.5.1"
+          },
+          "destinationName": "mcpp",
+          "kind": "program",
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/xim-x-mcpp/2026.9.5.1/bin",
+          "sourceName": "mcpp"
+        },
+        "2026.9.5.2": {
+          "bindingGroup": {
+            "group": "mcpp",
+            "provider": "xim:mcpp",
+            "rootTarget": "mcpp",
+            "rootVersion": "2026.9.5.2",
+            "version": "2026.9.5.2"
+          },
+          "bindingMembers": {
+            "mcpp": "2026.9.5.2"
+          },
+          "destinationName": "mcpp",
+          "kind": "program",
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/xim-x-mcpp/2026.9.5.2/bin",
+          "sourceName": "mcpp"
+        },
+        "2026.9.5.4": {
+          "bindingGroup": {
+            "group": "mcpp",
+            "provider": "xim:mcpp",
+            "rootTarget": "mcpp",
+            "rootVersion": "2026.9.5.4",
+            "version": "2026.9.5.4"
+          },
+          "bindingMembers": {
+            "mcpp": "2026.9.5.4"
+          },
+          "destinationName": "mcpp",
+          "kind": "program",
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/xim-x-mcpp/2026.9.5.4/bin",
+          "sourceName": "mcpp"
+        },
+        "2026.9.6.6": {
+          "bindingGroup": {
+            "group": "mcpp",
+            "provider": "xim:mcpp",
+            "rootTarget": "mcpp",
+            "rootVersion": "2026.9.6.6",
+            "version": "2026.9.6.6"
+          },
+          "bindingMembers": {
+            "mcpp": "2026.9.6.6"
+          },
+          "destinationName": "mcpp",
+          "kind": "program",
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/xim-x-mcpp/2026.9.6.6/bin",
+          "sourceName": "mcpp"
+        },
+        "2026.9.7.1": {
+          "bindingGroup": {
+            "group": "mcpp",
+            "provider": "xim:mcpp",
+            "rootTarget": "mcpp",
+            "rootVersion": "2026.9.7.1",
+            "version": "2026.9.7.1"
+          },
+          "bindingMembers": {
+            "mcpp": "2026.9.7.1"
+          },
+          "destinationName": "mcpp",
+          "kind": "program",
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/xim-x-mcpp/2026.9.7.1/bin",
+          "sourceName": "mcpp"
+        },
+        "2026.9.8.1": {
+          "bindingGroup": {
+            "group": "mcpp",
+            "provider": "xim:mcpp",
+            "rootTarget": "mcpp",
+            "rootVersion": "2026.9.8.1",
+            "version": "2026.9.8.1"
+          },
+          "bindingMembers": {
+            "mcpp": "2026.9.8.1"
+          },
+          "destinationName": "mcpp",
+          "kind": "program",
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/xim-x-mcpp/2026.9.8.1/bin",
+          "sourceName": "mcpp"
+        },
+        "2026.9.9.1": {
+          "bindingGroup": {
+            "group": "mcpp",
+            "provider": "xim:mcpp",
+            "rootTarget": "mcpp",
+            "rootVersion": "2026.9.9.1",
+            "version": "2026.9.9.1"
+          },
+          "bindingMembers": {
+            "mcpp": "2026.9.9.1"
+          },
+          "destinationName": "mcpp",
+          "kind": "program",
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/xim-x-mcpp/2026.9.9.1/bin",
+          "sourceName": "mcpp"
+        },
+        "local:0.0.30": {
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/local-x-mcpp/0.0.30/bin"
+        },
+        "local:0.0.33": {
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/local-x-mcpp/0.0.33/bin"
+        },
+        "local:0.0.34": {
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/local-x-mcpp/0.0.34/bin"
+        },
+        "local:0.0.35": {
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/local-x-mcpp/0.0.35/bin"
+        },
+        "local:0.0.36": {
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/local-x-mcpp/0.0.36/bin"
+        },
+        "local:0.0.38": {
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/local-x-mcpp/0.0.38/bin"
+        },
+        "local:0.0.41": {
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/local-x-mcpp/0.0.41/bin"
+        },
+        "local:0.0.43": {
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/local-x-mcpp/0.0.43/bin"
+        },
+        "local:0.0.44": {
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/local-x-mcpp/0.0.44/bin"
+        },
+        "local:0.0.45": {
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/local-x-mcpp/0.0.45/bin"
+        },
+        "local:0.0.56": {
+          "bindingGroup": {
+            "group": "mcpp",
+            "provider": "local:mcpp",
+            "rootTarget": "mcpp",
+            "rootVersion": "local:0.0.56",
+            "version": "0.0.56"
+          },
+          "bindingMembers": {
+            "mcpp": "local:0.0.56"
+          },
+          "destinationName": "mcpp",
+          "kind": "program",
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/local-x-mcpp/0.0.56/bin",
+          "sourceName": "mcpp"
+        },
+        "xim:2026.9.1.1": {
+          "bindingGroup": {
+            "group": "mcpp",
+            "provider": "xim:mcpp",
+            "rootTarget": "mcpp",
+            "rootVersion": "xim:2026.9.1.1",
+            "version": "2026.9.1.1"
+          },
+          "bindingMembers": {
+            "mcpp": "xim:2026.9.1.1"
+          },
+          "destinationName": "mcpp",
+          "kind": "program",
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/xim-x-mcpp/2026.9.1.1/bin",
+          "sourceName": "mcpp"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "workspace": {
+    "mcpp": {
+      "active": "2026.11.8.1",
+      "installed": [
+        "2026.11.8.1"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/.xlings/subos/_/.shim-view/976c3311-python3.json b/.xlings/subos/_/.shim-view/976c3311-python3.json
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..544150e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/.xlings/subos/_/.shim-view/976c3311-python3.json
@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+{
+  "fingerprint": {
+    "/home/speak/.xlings/.xlings.json": "4014023:-4643116326602899284",
+    "/home/speak/.xlings/data/versions.json": "3859010:-4643116326531898249",
+    "/home/speak/.xlings/subos/speak-agent-private/.xlings.json": "273600:-4643140060670125089",
+    "/home/speak/workspace/tmp/eco/cmdline/.xlings.json": "51:-4643109118759633077",
+    "/home/speak/workspace/tmp/eco/cmdline/.xlings/.xlings.json": "absent"
+  },
+  "format": 1,
+  "program": "python3",
+  "vinfo": {
+    "python3": {
+      "filename": "python3",
+      "type": "program",
+      "versions": {
+        "3.13.12": {
+          "bindingGroup": {
+            "group": "python3",
+            "provider": "xim:python",
+            "rootTarget": "python3",
+            "rootVersion": "3.13.12",
+            "version": "3.13.12"
+          },
+          "bindingMembers": {
+            "python3": "3.13.12"
+          },
+          "destinationName": "python3",
+          "kind": "program",
+          "path": "/home/speak/.xlings/data/xpkgs/xim-x-python/3.13.12/bin",
+          "sourceName": "python3"
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  },
+  "workspace": {
+    "python3": {
+      "active": "3.13.12",
+      "installed": [
+        "3.13.12"
+      ]
+    }
+  }
+}
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index b617ebb..7599d3d 100644
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -10,7 +10,9 @@
 
 - **流式接口** — 链式构建方法，所见即所得的 API
 
-- **子命令** — 支持 `action` 回调或手动分发的嵌套命令
+- **子命令** — 任意层级的嵌套命令，`action` 回调分发或手动分发
+
+- **退出码** — `action` 可返回 `int`，`run` 返回该退出码；解析错误写入标准错误并返回 2
 
 - **全局选项** — 标志透明地传播到所有子命令
 
diff --git a/docs/api.md b/docs/api.md
index 3a2d1e1..b2c68d8 100644
--- a/docs/api.md
+++ b/docs/api.md
@@ -26,10 +26,10 @@
 | `.arg(Arg)` `.arg("name")` | 添加位置参数（字符串即链式） |
 | `.option(Option)` `.option("name")` | 添加选项 |
 | `.subcommand(App)` `.subcommand("name")` | 添加子命令 |
-| `.action(fn)` | 根/子命令执行函数 `void(const ParsedArgs&)` |
+| `.action(fn)` | 根/子命令执行函数：`int(const ParsedArgs&)`（返回值即退出码）或 `void(const ParsedArgs&)`（退出码 0） |
 | `.parse(argc, argv)` `.parse_from(Argv)` `.parse_from(string_view)` | 解析，返回 `ParseResult` |
-| `.run(parsed)` | 根据解析结果执行对应 action |
-| `.run(argc, argv)` | 一键 parse + dispatch + 返回退出码（推荐主入口） |
+| `.run(parsed)` | 执行解析结果所命中的命令的 action，返回其退出码（规则见“分发规则”） |
+| `.run(argc, argv)` `.run(Argv)` | parse + dispatch，返回退出码（推荐主入口）：help/version 为 0，解析错误写入标准错误并返回 2 |
 | `.print_help(program_name)` | 打印帮助 |
 
 ---
@@ -117,12 +117,35 @@ int main(int argc, char* argv[]) {
 auto result = app.parse(argc, argv);
 if (!result) {
     if (!result.error().is_error()) return 0; // help / version
-    std::println("Error: {}", result.error().message);
-    return 1;
+    std::println(std::cerr, "myapp: {}", result.error().message);
+    return 2;
 }
 const cmdline::ParsedArgs& p = *result;
 ```
 
+`run(argc, argv)` 与 `run(Argv)` 的错误处理与此相同：错误信息写入标准错误（`<name>: <message>` 及 `<name>: see '<name> --help'`），返回 2；标准输出只承载 help、version 与 action 自身的输出。
+
+### 分发规则与退出码
+
+`run(parsed)` 沿解析结果向下找到最深一层被命中的子命令（任意层级），按以下规则执行：
+
+1. 该命令有 action 时，以其自身的解析结果执行，返回值即退出码（`void` action 为 0）。
+2. 该命令无 action 时，由路径上最近的、有 action 的祖先命令执行；祖先收到的是它自己这一层的解析结果，可按 `subcommand_name()` 自行分发。
+3. 路径上均无 action 且该命令带有子命令（命令组被单独调用）时，向标准错误写出可选的子命令并返回 2。
+4. 其余情况返回 0。
+
+```cpp
+cmdline::App remote("remote");
+remote.subcommand("add")
+    .arg("name").required()
+    .action([](const cmdline::ParsedArgs& a) -> int {
+        return add_remote(a.positional(0)) ? 0 : 1;
+    });
+
+auto app = cmdline::App("git").subcommand(std::move(remote));
+return app.run(argc, argv); // git remote add origin → add 的退出码；git remote → 2
+```
+
 ### 多种输入
 
 ```cpp
@@ -158,7 +181,7 @@ return app.run(argc, argv);
 
 ```cpp
 auto result = app.parse(argc, argv);
-if (!result) return result.error().is_error() ? 1 : 0;
+if (!result) return result.error().is_error() ? 2 : 0;
 const cmdline::ParsedArgs& parsed = *result;
 if (parsed.has_subcommand()) {
     auto sub = parsed.subcommand();
@@ -225,18 +248,19 @@ app.subcommand("completions")
     .description("Generate shell completions")
     .option(Option("shell").takes_value().value_name("SHELL")
         .help("Target shell [possible values: bash, fish, zsh]"))
-    .action([&app](const ParsedArgs& p) {
+    .action([&app](const ParsedArgs& p) -> int {
         auto shell_opt = p.value("shell");
         if (!shell_opt) {
             std::println(std::cerr, "SHELL not provided.");
-            return;
+            return 2;
         }
         auto shell = shell_from_string(*shell_opt);
         if (!shell || !shell_supported(*shell)) {
             std::println(std::cerr, "Unsupported shell: {}", *shell_opt);
-            return;
+            return 2;
         }
         std::print("{}", app.completions(*shell));
+        return 0;
     });
 ```
 
diff --git a/mcpp.toml b/mcpp.toml
index fb6f912..f11673c 100644
--- a/mcpp.toml
+++ b/mcpp.toml
@@ -1,7 +1,7 @@
 [package]
 namespace   = "mcpplibs"
 name        = "cmdline"
-version     = "0.0.3"
+version     = "0.0.4"
 description = "A simple command-line parsing library/framework for modern C++"
 license     = "Apache-2.0"
 authors     = ["mcpplibs"]
diff --git a/src/cmdline.cppm b/src/cmdline.cppm
index 330ad47..37a5d16 100644
--- a/src/cmdline.cppm
+++ b/src/cmdline.cppm
@@ -77,9 +77,18 @@ public:
         return *this;
     }
     [[nodiscard]] SubcommandBuilder subcommand(std::string_view name);
+    /// The command's action: `void(const ParsedArgs&)`, whose status is 0, or
+    /// `int(const ParsedArgs&)`, whose result is the status `run` returns.
     template <typename Fn>
+        requires std::invocable<Fn&, const ParsedArgs&>
     [[nodiscard]] App& action(Fn&& fn) {
-        action_ = std::function<void(const ParsedArgs&)>(std::forward<Fn>(fn));
+        using result_t = std::invoke_result_t<Fn&, const ParsedArgs&>;
+        static_assert(std::is_void_v<result_t> || std::is_convertible_v<result_t, int>,
+                      "an action returns void or a status convertible to int");
+        if constexpr (std::is_void_v<result_t>)
+            action_ = [f = std::forward<Fn>(fn)](const ParsedArgs& p) mutable { f(p); return 0; };
+        else
+            action_ = [f = std::forward<Fn>(fn)](const ParsedArgs& p) mutable { return static_cast<int>(f(p)); };
         return *this;
     }
 
@@ -87,24 +96,14 @@ public:
         std::vector<std::string_view> tokens;
         tokens.reserve(argc > 1 ? argc - 1 : 0);
         for (int i = 1; i < argc; ++i) tokens.emplace_back(argv[i]);
-        global_keys_t global_keys;
-        global_opts_t global_opts;
-        std::vector<Option> root_globals;
-        for (const auto& opt : options_)
-            if (opt.global_) { global_keys.insert(option_key(opt)); root_globals.push_back(opt); }
-        return parse_impl(name_, tokens, global_keys, global_opts, root_globals);
+        return parse_tokens(tokens);
     }
     [[nodiscard]] ParseResult parse_from(std::span<const std::string> args) const {
         if (args.empty()) return std::unexpected(ParseError{.message = "no program name"});
         std::vector<std::string_view> tokens;
         tokens.reserve(args.size() - 1);
         for (std::size_t i = 1; i < args.size(); ++i) tokens.emplace_back(args[i]);
-        global_keys_t global_keys;
-        global_opts_t global_opts;
-        std::vector<Option> root_globals;
-        for (const auto& opt : options_)
-            if (opt.global_) { global_keys.insert(option_key(opt)); root_globals.push_back(opt); }
-        return parse_impl(name_, tokens, global_keys, global_opts, root_globals);
+        return parse_tokens(tokens);
     }
     [[nodiscard]] ParseResult parse_from(std::string_view command_line) const {
         std::vector<std::string> tokens = split_command_line(command_line);
@@ -112,30 +111,44 @@ public:
         return parse_from(std::span<const std::string>(tokens));
     }
 
-    void run(const ParsedArgs& parsed) const {
-        if (parsed.has_subcommand()) {
-            for (const auto& sub : subcommands_) {
-                if (sub.name_ == parsed.subcommand_name()) {
-                    auto sub_ref = parsed.subcommand();
-                    if (sub_ref && sub.action_) sub.action_(sub_ref->get());
-                    return;
-                }
-            }
-        } else if (action_) {
-            action_(parsed);
+    /// Runs the action for a parse of this command and returns its status.
+    ///
+    /// The command the words named is the deepest matched subcommand, at any
+    /// depth. Its action runs with its own parse; a command without an action
+    /// leaves the run to its nearest ancestor that has one, which receives the
+    /// ancestor's parse (and dispatches on `subcommand_name()` itself). When no
+    /// command on the path has an action, a command with subcommands was named
+    /// without one: the run writes the subcommands to standard error and
+    /// returns 2. A command with neither returns 0.
+    int run(const ParsedArgs& parsed) const {
+        std::vector<std::pair<const App*, const ParsedArgs*>> path{{this, &parsed}};
+        while (path.back().second->has_subcommand()) {
+            const auto [app, args] = path.back();
+            const App* sub = app->find_subcommand(args->subcommand_name());
+            auto sub_args = args->subcommand();
+            if (!sub || !sub_args) break;
+            path.emplace_back(sub, &sub_args->get());
         }
+        for (auto it = path.rbegin(); it != path.rend(); ++it)
+            if (it->first->action_) return it->first->action_(*it->second);
+        const App& named = *path.back().first;
+        if (named.subcommands_.empty()) return 0;
+        std::string command(name_);
+        for (std::size_t i = 1; i < path.size(); ++i) command += " " + path[i].first->name_;
+        std::string names;
+        for (const auto& sub : named.subcommands_) names += (names.empty() ? "" : ", ") + sub.name_;
+        std::println(std::cerr, "{}: a subcommand is required: {}", command, names);
+        std::println(std::cerr, "{}: see '{} --help'", name_, command);
+        return 2;
     }
 
-    int run(int argc, char* argv[]) const {
-        auto result = parse(argc, argv);
-        if (!result) {
-            if (result.error().is_error())
-                std::println("Error: {}", result.error().message);
-            return result.error().is_error() ? 1 : 0;
-        }
-        run(*result);
-        return 0;
-    }
+    /// Parses `argv` and runs it. Help and the version are printed to standard
+    /// output and return 0; a parse error is written to standard error and
+    /// returns 2 (the status of a usage error); otherwise the action's status
+    /// is returned.
+    int run(int argc, char* argv[]) const { return finish_run(parse(argc, argv)); }
+    /// The same for the words of a command line, the program name first.
+    int run(std::span<const std::string> args) const { return finish_run(parse_from(args)); }
 
     void print_help(std::string_view program_name = "") const {
         std::string prog = program_name.empty() ? std::string(name_) : std::string(program_name);
@@ -174,6 +187,31 @@ private:
     using global_opts_t = std::map<std::string, OptionValue, std::less<>>;
     using OptRef = std::optional<std::reference_wrapper<const Option>>;
 
+    [[nodiscard]] ParseResult parse_tokens(std::span<const std::string_view> tokens) const {
+        global_keys_t global_keys;
+        global_opts_t global_opts;
+        std::vector<Option> root_globals;
+        for (const auto& opt : options_)
+            if (opt.global_) { global_keys.insert(option_key(opt)); root_globals.push_back(opt); }
+        return parse_impl(name_, tokens, global_keys, global_opts, root_globals);
+    }
+
+    int finish_run(const ParseResult& result) const {
+        if (!result) {
+            if (!result.error().is_error()) return 0;
+            std::println(std::cerr, "{}: {}", name_, result.error().message);
+            std::println(std::cerr, "{}: see '{} --help'", name_, name_);
+            return 2;
+        }
+        return run(*result);
+    }
+
+    const App* find_subcommand(std::string_view name) const {
+        for (const auto& sub : subcommands_)
+            if (sub.name_ == name) return &sub;
+        return nullptr;
+    }
+
     static std::vector<std::string> split_command_line(std::string_view command_line) {
         std::vector<std::string> tokens;
         std::string current;
@@ -342,7 +380,7 @@ private:
     std::vector<Arg> args_;
     std::vector<Option> options_;
     std::vector<App> subcommands_;
-    std::function<void(const ParsedArgs&)> action_;
+    std::function<int(const ParsedArgs&)> action_;
 };
 
 // CRTP base: shared transition methods and parent/commit management for OptBuilder & ArgBuilder.
diff --git a/tests/cmdline_test.cpp b/tests/cmdline_test.cpp
index bd9015e..f4a122e 100644
--- a/tests/cmdline_test.cpp
+++ b/tests/cmdline_test.cpp
@@ -381,6 +381,120 @@ TEST(Dispatch, SubcommandHandler) {
     EXPECT_EQ(add_called, 1);
 }
 
+// An action's status, and the run of a command line.
+TEST(Dispatch, ActionStatus) {
+    App app("p");
+    (void)app.action([](const ParsedArgs&) { return 7; });
+    auto result = app.parse_from(Argv{"p"});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(app.run(*result), 7);
+}
+
+TEST(Dispatch, VoidActionIsZero) {
+    int called = 0;
+    App app("p");
+    (void)app.action([&called](const ParsedArgs&) { ++called; });
+    auto result = app.parse_from(Argv{"p"});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(app.run(*result), 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(called, 1);
+}
+
+static int status_of_add(const ParsedArgs& args) { return args.positional(0) == "x" ? 3 : 4; }
+
+TEST(Dispatch, FunctionAction) {
+    App app("cli");
+    app.subcommand("add").arg(Arg("t").required()).action(status_of_add);
+    auto result = app.parse_from(Argv{"cli", "add", "x"});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(app.run(*result), 3);
+}
+
+TEST(Dispatch, NestedSubcommand) {
+    App remote("remote");
+    remote.subcommand("add")
+        .arg(Arg("name").required())
+        .action([](const ParsedArgs& args) { return args.positional(0) == "origin" ? 5 : 1; });
+    App app("git");
+    (void)app.subcommand(std::move(remote));
+    auto result = app.parse_from(Argv{"git", "remote", "add", "origin"});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.has_value()) << result.error();
+    EXPECT_EQ(app.run(*result), 5);
+}
+
+TEST(Dispatch, AncestorActionDispatches) {
+    App group("cache");
+    (void)group.subcommand(App("clean")).subcommand(App("list"));
+    (void)group.action([](const ParsedArgs& args) {
+        return args.subcommand_name() == "list" ? 6 : 1;
+    });
+    App app("tool");
+    (void)app.subcommand(std::move(group));
+    auto result = app.parse_from(Argv{"tool", "cache", "list"});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.has_value()) << result.error();
+    EXPECT_EQ(app.run(*result), 6);
+}
+
+TEST(Dispatch, GroupNamedWithoutSubcommand) {
+    App group("cache");
+    (void)group.subcommand(App("clean")).subcommand(App("list"));
+    App app("tool");
+    (void)app.subcommand(std::move(group));
+    auto result = app.parse_from(Argv{"tool", "cache"});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.has_value()) << result.error();
+    testing::internal::CaptureStderr();
+    const int status = app.run(*result);
+    const std::string err = testing::internal::GetCapturedStderr();
+    EXPECT_EQ(status, 2);
+    EXPECT_NE(err.find("tool cache: a subcommand is required: clean, list"), std::string::npos) << err;
+}
+
+TEST(Dispatch, NoActionIsZero) {
+    App app("p");
+    auto result = app.parse_from(Argv{"p"});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(result.has_value());
+    EXPECT_EQ(app.run(*result), 0);
+}
+
+TEST(Run, WordsStatus) {
+    App app("p");
+    (void)app.arg(Arg("x").required()).action([](const ParsedArgs& args) { return args.positional(0) == "go" ? 9 : 1; });
+    EXPECT_EQ(app.run(Argv{"p", "go"}), 9);
+}
+
+TEST(Run, ParseErrorToStandardError) {
+    App app("p");
+    (void)app.action([](const ParsedArgs&) { return 0; });
+    testing::internal::CaptureStdout();
+    testing::internal::CaptureStderr();
+    const int status = app.run(Argv{"p", "--nope"});
+    const std::string err = testing::internal::GetCapturedStderr();
+    const std::string out = testing::internal::GetCapturedStdout();
+    EXPECT_EQ(status, 2);
+    EXPECT_TRUE(out.empty()) << out;
+    EXPECT_NE(err.find("p: unknown option: --nope"), std::string::npos) << err;
+    EXPECT_NE(err.find("p: see 'p --help'"), std::string::npos) << err;
+}
+
+TEST(Run, HelpAndVersionAreZero) {
+    App app("p");
+    (void)app.version("1.2.3").action([](const ParsedArgs&) { return 4; });
+    testing::internal::CaptureStdout();
+    const int help = app.run(Argv{"p", "--help"});
+    const int version = app.run(Argv{"p", "--version"});
+    const std::string out = testing::internal::GetCapturedStdout();
+    EXPECT_EQ(help, 0);
+    EXPECT_EQ(version, 0);
+    EXPECT_NE(out.find("1.2.3"), std::string::npos);
+}
+
+TEST(Run, Argv) {
+    App app("p");
+    (void)app.action([](const ParsedArgs& args) { return static_cast<int>(args.positional_count()); });
+    auto [argc, argv] = make_argv("p", {"a", "b"});
+    EXPECT_EQ(app.run(argc, argv), 2);
+}
+
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Global option
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------