diff --git a/crates/tinybox-bus/src/jail.rs b/crates/tinybox-bus/src/jail.rs
index 73b3b134..deeaed1e 100644
--- a/crates/tinybox-bus/src/jail.rs
+++ b/crates/tinybox-bus/src/jail.rs
@@ -32,8 +32,10 @@ pub struct NativeJailConfig {
     /// provider that reads allow-by-default). A path that does not exist yet is
     /// kept and resolved again just before spawn, except that the bubblewrap
     /// backend refuses a missing denial inside one of the jail's mounts: it
-    /// would have to create the path to mask it. Added in contract 1.20; empty
-    /// by default.
+    /// would have to create the path to mask it. A denial inside a grant
+    /// covers the path as it exists when the jail starts; a host that replaces
+    /// it during the run exposes the new file (see the bubblewrap backend's
+    /// known gaps). Added in contract 1.20; empty by default.
     #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
     pub deny_read: Vec<String>,
     /// Optional hard resource limits; omitted for compatibility with older requests.
diff --git a/crates/tinybox-jail/src/bwrap/mod.rs b/crates/tinybox-jail/src/bwrap/mod.rs
index 67e51ad7..9abfd7a9 100644
--- a/crates/tinybox-jail/src/bwrap/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/tinybox-jail/src/bwrap/mod.rs
@@ -64,9 +64,18 @@
 //!   `--bind-fd`/`--ro-bind-fd` (bubblewrap 0.10+); that is follow-up work.
 //!   The window is only open while another sandbox with write access to the
 //!   same tree is running.
-//! - `deny_read` paths must exist when the jail starts: a path created later
-//!   under a mounted grant is **not** protected. One nested more than a level
-//!   inside a writable grant is refused.
+//! - `deny_read` paths must exist when the jail starts. A missing one inside a
+//!   mount is refused, since a path created later would not be covered; one
+//!   nested more than a level inside a writable grant is refused too.
+//! - **A mask lasts only as long as the path it covers.** A denial is a mount
+//!   over that path's directory entry, and the kernel drops a mount from other
+//!   mount namespaces when its entry is unlinked or renamed over. So if a
+//!   host process replaces a denied path inside a grant while the jail runs
+//!   (an atomic rename, as credential helpers and editors write), the jail
+//!   sees the new file. Shown on bubblewrap 0.9.0 and Linux 7.0 for a file
+//!   and a directory. bwrap cannot prevent it. A host should deny a credential
+//!   store outside every grant (it is then never mounted at all), or deny its
+//!   parent directory, rather than mask a file it rewrites.
 //! - Landlock is not layered inside: the kernel denies `mount` and
 //!   `pivot_root` to a Landlock-restricted thread, which would break `bwrap`'s
 //!   own setup.
diff --git a/crates/tinybox-jail/src/jail.rs b/crates/tinybox-jail/src/jail.rs
index d71ffa11..1be1ec62 100644
--- a/crates/tinybox-jail/src/jail.rs
+++ b/crates/tinybox-jail/src/jail.rs
@@ -32,7 +32,9 @@ pub struct Jail {
     /// [`carves_denials`](JailBackend::carves_denials) subtracts them from
     /// grants; allow-list backends deny paths outside grants by default. The
     /// native module rejects overlaps that an allow-list backend cannot enforce.
-    /// Missing paths are retained so backend rules can cover later creation.
+    /// Missing paths are retained here; backends decide: Landlock and Seatbelt
+    /// rules cover later creation, while bubblewrap refuses a missing path
+    /// inside a mount.
     pub deny_read: Vec<PathBuf>,
     /// File or directory names the child may neither read nor write wherever
     /// they appear. Only a backend that
diff --git a/crates/tinybox-linux/src/sandbox/args.rs b/crates/tinybox-linux/src/sandbox/args.rs
index b2dcfdb9..b8a3e13f 100644
--- a/crates/tinybox-linux/src/sandbox/args.rs
+++ b/crates/tinybox-linux/src/sandbox/args.rs
@@ -562,6 +562,33 @@ fn validate_native_jail_command(request: &NativeJailCommand) -> std::io::Result<
         ));
     }
 
+    refuse_missing_denials_inside_mounts(request)
+}
+
+/// A `deny_read` path must exist when it lies inside one of the jail's mounts:
+/// masking a missing one (`--ro-bind /dev/null <path>`) makes bwrap create it
+/// on the host, an empty file in the caller's tree, and a path created after
+/// the jail starts would not be covered anyway. One outside every mount is
+/// never visible in the sandbox, so it is skipped when the argv is built.
+fn refuse_missing_denials_inside_mounts(request: &NativeJailCommand) -> std::io::Result<()> {
+    let mounts: Vec<&Path> = std::iter::once(&request.root)
+        .chain(&request.read_only)
+        .chain(&request.read_write)
+        .map(PathBuf::as_path)
+        .collect();
+    for denied in &request.deny_read {
+        if denied.symlink_metadata().is_err()
+            && mounts.iter().any(|mount| denied.starts_with(mount))
+        {
+            return Err(std::io::Error::new(
+                std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound,
+                format!(
+                    "deny_read path {} must exist before starting the jail",
+                    denied.display()
+                ),
+            ));
+        }
+    }
     Ok(())
 }
 
@@ -664,7 +691,13 @@ fn native_bwrap_argv(
             destination.display().to_string(),
         ]);
     }
-    for denied in &request.deny_read {
+    // A missing denial reaching here lies outside every mount (see
+    // `refuse_missing_denials_inside_mounts`): nothing to mask.
+    for denied in request
+        .deny_read
+        .iter()
+        .filter(|denied| denied.symlink_metadata().is_ok())
+    {
         if denied.is_dir() {
             argv.extend(["--tmpfs".into(), denied.display().to_string()]);
         } else {
diff --git a/crates/tinybox-linux/src/sandbox/mod_tests.rs b/crates/tinybox-linux/src/sandbox/mod_tests.rs
index f36ad5b1..acd3482e 100644
--- a/crates/tinybox-linux/src/sandbox/mod_tests.rs
+++ b/crates/tinybox-linux/src/sandbox/mod_tests.rs
@@ -9,7 +9,7 @@
 use std::collections::BTreeMap;
 #[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
 use std::os::unix::fs::PermissionsExt as _;
-use std::path::Path;
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
 use std::sync::{Arc, Mutex, MutexGuard, PoisonError};
 
 use async_trait::async_trait;
@@ -705,6 +705,53 @@ fn native_jail_command_refuses_invalid_resource_and_isolation_requests()
     Ok(())
 }
 
+#[test]
+#[cfg(target_os = "linux")]
+fn a_missing_denial_inside_a_mount_is_refused_and_one_outside_is_skipped()
+-> std::result::Result<(), Box<dyn std::error::Error>> {
+    let root = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+    let cwd = root.path().join("work");
+    std::fs::create_dir(&cwd)?;
+    let elsewhere = tempfile::tempdir()?;
+    let inside = root.path().join("credentials.json");
+    let outside = elsewhere.path().join("not-mounted");
+    let request = |deny_read: Vec<PathBuf>| crate::NativeJailCommand {
+        root: root.path().to_path_buf(),
+        cwd: cwd.clone(),
+        read_only: Vec::new(),
+        read_write: Vec::new(),
+        deny_read,
+        allow_net: false,
+        allow_subprocess: true,
+        cpu_millis: Some(1000),
+        memory_bytes: None,
+        pids_max: None,
+        argv: vec!["/bin/true".into()],
+        env: BTreeMap::new(),
+    };
+    let systemd_run = crate::trusted_systemd_run_program()?;
+    let build = |deny_read| {
+        crate::native_jail_argv_with_programs(
+            &request(deny_read),
+            &systemd_run,
+            Path::new("/bin/true"),
+        )
+    };
+
+    // Masking it would make bwrap create an empty file in the caller's tree.
+    let kind = build(vec![inside.clone()]).err().map(|error| error.kind());
+    assert_eq!(kind, Some(std::io::ErrorKind::NotFound));
+    assert!(!inside.exists(), "nothing may be created on the host");
+
+    // Outside every mount the sandbox never shows it: nothing to mask.
+    let argv = build(vec![outside.clone()])?;
+    assert!(
+        !argv.iter().any(|part| Path::new(part) == outside),
+        "{argv:?}"
+    );
+    Ok(())
+}
+
 #[tokio::test]
 async fn without_limits_there_is_no_scope_at_all() -> Result<()> {
     let (sandbox, host) = sandbox();